Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Diagnostics
Volume 2, Issue 1, 2019, Page No: 1-10

Non-invasive Diagnostic Tools: Cardiometabolic Risk Assessment and Prediction

Elena Malmefeldt1, Gundu H. R. Rao2,3

1.Wellness Screening Concept and Health Knowledge AB, Sweden.
2.Laboratory Medicine and Pathology,University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA.
3.Thrombosis Research, Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA.

Citation : Malmefeldt E, Rao GHR. Noninvasive Diagnostic Tools: Cardiometabolic Risk Assessment and Prediction. J Clin Cardiol Diagn 2019;2(1):1-10.


ABSTRACT

Cardiometabolic risks (CMRs) have rapidly increased to epidemic proportions worldwide in the past three decades. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the number one killer. No country has reduced, reversed, or prevented the increase in the incidence or prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases. Framingham Heart Study group described the modifiable risk factors that promote the development of CVD. They also developed risk calculators, for the prediction of acute vascular events such as heart attacks and stroke. The risk predictor algorithms were fine-tuned, as and when additional risk factors were discovered. However, at the time of this writing, there is no such calculator for assessment, stratification, and management of CMRs. On the other hand, numbers of non-invasive diagnostic devices have been developed for continuous monitoring of blood pressure and glucose profiles. We have described in our earlier articles, non-invasive diagnostic platform developed by LD-Technologies, Miami, Florida, capable of monitoring CMRs, cluster of risks, and computing risk scores for various dysfunctions, such as autonomous/sympathetic neuronal, and micro- and macro-vascular systems. In a one of a kind study, that has been described as the �largest,� �Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California (www.scripps.edu), is following over a million individual�s activities with a simple activity tracker, Fitbit. In an earlier article, we described a novel non-invasive diagnostic approach to monitor the development of early CMRs in a healthy population. The same diagnostic platform is also capable of providing information on risk assessment, risk stratification, and risk management strategies. We will discuss in this overview, some of the non-invasive diagnostic tools available, for monitoring biomarker assays, for the assessment of CMRs. In addition, we advocate the development of apps or health-portals that can collect, analyze the data from multiple devices or sources, and develop a seamless integration of data for risk stratification and risk prediction. In view of the anticipated variety, and volume of the available data, the analysis, and use of such data from multiple diagnostic devices, will be increasingly dependent on the ability to appropriately collect, curate, and integrate data from different devices and sources. Currently, several data integration tools are available. We have just briefly discussed a novel approach in this overview, to collect information at the level of individuals, as well as at the population level, CMR assessment, risk management, risk prediction, and risk prevention.


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